Ekskresi

(Selengkapnya baca artikel tentang Sistem Ekskresi Pada Manusia)
Eksresi adalah proses pengeluaran zat sisa metabolisme baik berupa zat cair dan zat gas. Zat-zat sisa zat sisa itu berupa urine(ginjal), keringat(kulit), empedu(hati), dan CO₂(paru-paru). Zat-zat ini harus dikeluarkan dari tubuh karena jika tidak dikeluarkan akan mengganggu bahkan meracuni tubuh. Selain ekskresi, ada juga defekasi dan sekresi. Defekasi adalah pengeluaran zat sisa hasil proses pencernaan berupa feses(tinja) melalui anus. Sedangkan sekresi adalah pengeluaran oleh sel dan kelenjar yang berupa getah dan masih digunakan oleh tubuh untuk proses lainnya seperti enzim dan hormon.

Ginjal

(Selengkapnya baca artikel tentang Detail Ginjal dan Bagian-Bagian Ginjal)

Manusia memiliki sepasang ginjal yang terletak di rongga perut sebelah kanan dan kiri ruas tulang belakang. Letak ginjal sebelah kiri lebih tinggi dari ginjal sebelah kanan. Itu karena di atas ginjal sebelah kanan terdapat hati yang berukuran besar. Bentuk ginjal seperti biji kacang berwarna merah keunguan dengan panjang sekitar 10 cm dan berat sekitar 200 gram. Ginjal dibungkus oleh semacam selaput tipis yang disebut ‘kapsul’.
Fungsi ginjal:

Menyaring zat-zat sisa metabolisme dari dalam darah yang dikeluarkan dalam bentuk urin.
Mempertahankan dan mengatur keseimbangan air dalam tubuh.
Menjaga tekanan osmosis dengan cara mengatur konsentrasi garam dalam tubuh.
Mempertahankan keseimbangan kadar asam dan basa dengan cara mengeluarkan kelebihan asam atau basa melalui urin.
Mengeluarkan sisa-sisa metabolisme seperti urea, kreatinin, dan amonia melalui urine.

Bagian-bagian ginjal:
(Selengkapnya baca artikel tentang Bagian-Bagian Alat Ekskresi Pada Ginjal)

Korteks(kulit ginjal), terdapat jutaan nefron yang terdiri dari badan malphigi. Badan malphigi tersusun atas glomerulus yang diselubungi kapsula Bowman dan tubulus(saluran) yang terdiri dari tubulus kontortus proksimal, tubulus kontortus distal, dan tubulus kolektivus.
Medula(sumsum ginjal), terdiri atas beberapa badan berbentuk kerucut(piramida). Di sini terdapat lengkung henle yang menghubungkan tubulus kontortus proksimal dan tubulus kontortus distal.
Rongga ginjal(pelvis), merupakan tempat bermuaranya tubulus yaitu tempat penampungan urin sementara yang akan dialirkan menuju kandung kemih melalui ureter dan dikeluarkan dari tubuh melalui uretra.

Proses pembentukan urine dalam bentuk skema:
Darah dari aorta menuju glomerulus(filtrasi atau penyaringan) protein tetap berada di pembuluh darah dan terbentuk urin primer yang mengandung air, garam, asam amino, glukosa dan urea >>> tubulus kontortus proksimal(reabsorpsi atau penyerapan kembali) menyerap glukosa, garam, air, dan asam amino. Terbentuk urin sekunder yang mengandung urea >>> tubulus kontortus distal(augmentasi atau pengeluaran zat) melepaskan zat-zat yang tidak berguna atau berlebihan ke dalam urin dan terbentuk urin sebenarnya >>> tubulus kolektivus >>> rongga ginjal >>> ureter >>> kandung kemih >>> uretra >>> urine keluar tubuh.
(untuk lebih jelasnya, lihat selengkapnya dalam gambar bagian-bagian dan anatomi ginjal)
Jadi, pembentukan urine dibagi menjadi 3 tahap, yaitu filtrasi(penyaringan), reabsorpsi(penyerapan kembali), dan augmentasi(pengeluaran zat).
Zat-zat yang terkandung dalam urin:

Air. Kurang lebih 95%.
Urea, asam urat, dan amonia dan merupakan sisa pembongkaran protein.
Empedu yang memberikan warna kuning pada urine.
Garam.
Zat yang bersifat racun atau berlebihan lainnya.

Faktor yang memengaruhi jumlah urine yang keluar:

Jumlah air yang diminum.
Banyaknya garam yang harus dikeluarkan dari darah agar osmosisnya seimbang.
Pengaruh hormon antidiuretik(ADH) atau hormon vasopresin. Yaitu hormon yang mengatur kadar air dalam darah.
Iklim/musim/cuaca. Ketika musim hujan(dingin) produksi urin berlebihan, ketika musim kemarau(panas) produksi urin berkurang.
Stimulus atau saraf.

Gangguan dan kelainan pada ginjal:

1. Uremia	tertimbunnya urea dalam darah sehingga mengakibatkan keracunan.
2. Albuminuria	urine mengandung albumin(protein) yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan pada glomerulus.
3. Diabetes insipidus	penyakit kekurangan hormon vasopresin atau hormon antidiuretik(ADH) yang mengakibatkan hilangnya kemampuan mereabsorpsi cairan. Akibatnya, penderita bisa mengeluarkan urine berlimpah mencapai 20 liter.
4. Diabetes melitus	terdapat glukosa dalam urine. Terjadi karena menurunnya hormon insulin yang dihasilkan pankreas.
5. Nefritis	gangguan pada ginjal karena infeksi bakteri streptococcus sehingga protein masuk ke dalam urine.
6. Batu ginjal	adanya endapan garam kalsium di dalam kantong kemih
7. Gagal ginjal	ginjal tidak dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik sehingga harus dibantu dengan cuci darah atau cangkok ginjal.
8. Hematuria	urin mengandung darah karena adanya kerusakan pada glomerulus.

Kulit

Kulit merupakan salah satu alat ekskresi. Karena kulit mengeluarkan keringat. Keringat keluar melalui pori-pori kulit. Keringat mengandung air dan garam-garam mineral.
Fungsi kulit:

Alat pengeluaran(ekskresi) dalam bentuk keringat.
Pelindung tubuh dari gangguan fisik(sinar, tekanan, dan suhu), gangguan biologis(jamur), dan gangguan kimiawi.
Mengatur suhu badan.
Tempat pemberntukan vitamin D dari provitamin D dengan bantuan sinar matahari.
Tempat menyimpan kelebihan lemak.
Sebagai indra peraba.

Bagian-bagian kulit:

1. Epidermis(lapisan kulit ari)

Merupakan bagian terluar yang sangat tipis. Bagian ini terdiri dari dua lapisan, yaitu:
a. Lapisan tanduk/stratum korneum

Lapisan paling luar dan tersusun dari sel yang telah mati.
Mudah terkelupas.
Tidak memiliki pembuluh darah dan syaraf sehingga tidak terasa sakit dan tidak mengeluarkan darah bila lapisan ini mengelupas.

b. Lapisan malpighi

Tersusun dari sel-sel hidup.
Terdapat pigmen yang memberikan warna kulit dan melindungi dari sinar matahari.
Terdapat ujung syaraf.

2. Dermis(lapisan kulit jangat)

Lapisan dermis lebih tebal dibandingkan lapisan epidermis. Di lapisan ini terdapat bagian-bagian berikut:

Pembuluh darah untuk mengangkut zat-zat makanan ke rambut.
Kelenjar keringat menghasilkan keringat yang dikeluarkan melalui pori-pori kulit.
Ujung syaraf. Yang terdiri dari korpuskulus pacini(reseptor tekanan), korpuskulus meissner’s(reseptor raba/sentuhan), korpuskulus ruffini(reseptor panas), reseptor rasa nyeri, dan korpuskulus krause(reseptor dingin).
Kelenjar minyak. Menghasilkan minyak yang berfungsi untuk meminyaki rambut dan kulit agar tidak kering.
Kantong rambut merupakan tempat tertanamnya akar rambut.

3. Jaringan bawah kulit(subkutaneus)

Pada jaringan ini terdapat lemak yang berfungsi menahan panas tubuh dan melindungi tubuh bagian dalam dari benturan.
(untuk lebih jelasnya, lihat selengkapnya dalam gambar bagian-bagian dan anatomi kulit)
Faktor-faktor pemicu keringat:

Peningkatan aktifitas tubuh
peningkatan suhu lingkungan
guncangan emosi
syaraf

Gangguan pada kulit:
(Selengkapnya baca artikel tentang Beberapa Macam Penyakit Kulit)

Jerawat merupakan gangguan pada kelenjar minyak yang umumnya dialami oleh anak remaja.
Scabies atau kudis merupakan penyakit kulit karena tungau(Sarcoptes scabies).
Pruvitus kutanea merupakan penyakit kulit dengan gejala timbul rasa gatal yang dipicu oleh iritasi saraf sensorik perifer.
Eksim atau alergi merupakan penyakit kulit karena infeksi atau iritasi bahan luar yang termakan atau menyentuh kulit.
Gangren adalah kelainan pada kulit yang disebabkan oleh matinya sel-sel jaringan tubuh. Ini disebabkan oleh suplai darah yang buruk di bagian tertentu salah satunya akibat penekanan pada pembuluh darah tertentu(seperti balutan yang terlalu ketat).

Paru-Paru

(Selengkapnya baca artikel tentang Sistem Pernapasan Pada Manusia dan Paru-Paru)

Paru-paru juga merupakan salah satu alat ekskresi. Karena paru-paru mengeluarkan gas CO₂ dan uap air.
Fungsi paru-paru:
Paru-paru berfungsi sebagai pertukaran oksigen dan karbondioksida yang tidak dibutuhkan tubuh. Selain itu masih banyak lagi fungsi paru-paru diantaranya penjaga keseimbangan asam basa tubuh. bila terjadi acidosis, maka tubuh akan mengkompensasi dengan mengeluarkan banyak karbondioksida yang bersifat asam ke luar tubuh.
Gangguan pada paru-paru:

Asma atau sesak nafas. Disebabkan alergi terhadap benda-benda asing yang masuk hidung.
Kanker paru-paru. Disebabkan oleh kebiasaan merokok atau terlalu banyak menghirup debu asbes, kromium, produk petroleum, dan radiasi ionisasi yang memengaruhi pertukaran das di paru-paru.
Emfisema adalah penyakit pembengkakan alveolus yang menyebabkan saluran pernafasan menyempit.

Hati

Hati merupakan salah satu alat ekskresi karena hati mengeluarkan urea dan amonia ke luar tubuh. Hati terletak di rongga perut bagian kanan di bawah diafragma. Hati berwarna merah tua kecoklatan dengan berat sekitar 2 kg.
(Selengkapnya baca artikel tentang Bagian-Bagian Alat Ekskresi Hati)
Fungsi hati:

Menyimpan glikogen(gula otot) yang merupakan hasil pengubahan dari glukosa karena hormon insulin.
Menetralkan racun.
Membentuk protrombin(untuk pembekuan darah).
Tempat pengubahan provitamin A menjadi vitamin A.
Tempat pembentukan urea dan amonia yang berasal dari pemecahan protein yang rusak yang selanjutnya dikeluarkan dari tubuh melalui urin.
Tempat pembentukan sel darah merah pada janin.
Sebagai organ ekskresi yang bertugas merombak eritrosit(sel darah merah).

Gangguan pada hati:

Penyakit wilson merupakan penyakit keturunan dengan kadar zat tembaga dalam tubuh yang berlebihan sehingga mengakibatkan gangguan fungsi hati.
Hepatitis merupakan radang atau pembengkakan hati.
Sirosis merupakan penyakit hati yang kronis dan mengakibatkan guratan pada hati sehingga hati menjadi tidak berfungsi

sumber: hedisasrawan.blogspot.com

BAB.1 SISTEM EKSKRESI PADA MANUSIA-KELAS 9 Full View Label: IPA KLS 9

"Super Bass"
(feat. Ester Dean)

[Verse 1:]
This one is for the boys with the booming system
Top down, AC with the cooling system
When he come up in the club, he be blazin' up
Got stacks on deck like he savin' up

And he ill, he real, he might got a deal
He pop bottles and he got the right kind of bill
He cold, he dope, he might sell coke
He always in the air, but he never fly coach
He a motherfucking trip, trip, sailor of the ship, ship
When he make it drip, drip kiss him on the lip, lip
That's the kind of dude I was lookin' for
And yes you'll get slapped if you're lookin' hoe

I said, excuse me, you're a hell of a guy
I mean my, my, my, my you're like pelican fly
I mean, you're so shy and I'm loving your tie
You're like slicker than the guy with the thing on his eye, oh
Yes I did, yes I did, somebody please tell him who the F I is
I am Nicki Minaj, I mack them dudes up, back coupes up, and chuck the deuce up

[Chorus – Ester Dean & Nicki Minaj:]
Boy, you got my heartbeat runnin' away
Beating like a drum and it's coming your way
Can't you hear that boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass?
You got that super bass
Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass
Yeah, that's the super bass
(Boom) [x15]
(You got that super bass)
Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass
He got that super bass
Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass
He got that super bass

[Verse 2:]
This one is for the boys in the polos
Entrepreneur niggas & the moguls
He could ball with the crew, he could solo
But I think I like him better when he dolo
And I think I like him better with the fitted cap on
He ain't even gotta try to put the mack on
He just gotta give me that look, when he give me that look
Then the panties comin' off, off, uh
Excuse me, you're a hell of a guy you know I really got a thing for American guys
I mean, sigh, sickenin' eyes I can tell that you're in touch with your feminine side, oh
Yes I did, yes I did, somebody please tell him who the F I is
I am Nicki Minaj, I mack them dudes up, back coupes up, and chuck the deuce up

[Chorus – Ester Dean & Nicki Minaj]

[Bridge]
See I need you in my life for me to stay
No, no, no, no, no, I know you'll stay
No, no, no, no, no, don't go away (ay-ay)
Boy, you got my heartbeat runnin' away
Don't you hear that heartbeat comin' your way?
Oh, it be like, boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass
Can't you hear that boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass?

[Chorus – Ester Dean & Nicki Minaj]

Sumber: azlyrics.com

LIRIK LAGU NICKY MINAJ-SUPERBASS Full View Label: music

"Payphone" (feat. Wiz Khalifa)
I'm at a payphone trying to call home
All of my change I spent on you
Where have the times gone, baby, it's all wrong
Where are the plans we made for two?
Yeah, I, I know it's hard to remember
The people we used to be...
It's even harder to picture,
That you're not here next to me.
You say it's too late to make it,
But is it too late to try?
And in our time that you wasted
All of our bridges burned down
I've wasted my nights,
You turned out the lights
Now I'm paralyzed.
Still stuck in that time
When we called it love
But even the sun sets in paradise
I'm at a payphone trying to call home
All of my change I spent on you
Where have the times gone, baby, it's all wrong
Where are the plans we made for two?
If "Happy Ever After" did exist,
I would still be holding you like this [Explicit:] All those fairy tales are full of shit [Clean:] All those fairy tales are full of it. [Explicit:] One more fucking love song, I'll be sick. [Clean:] One more stupid love song, I'll be sick
Oh, you turned your back on tomorrow
'Cause you forgot yesterday.
I gave you my love to borrow,
But you just gave it away.
You can't expect me to be fine,
I don't expect you to care
I know I've said it before
But all of our bridges burned down.
I've wasted my nights,
You turned out the lights
Now I'm paralyzed.
Still stuck in that time
When we called it love
But even the sun sets in paradise.
I'm at a payphone trying to call home
All of my change I spent on you
Where have the times gone, baby, it's all wrong
Where are the plans we made for two?
If "Happy Ever After" did exist,
I would still be holding you like this [Explicit:] All those fairy tales are full of shit [Clean:] All those fairy tales are full of it. [Explicit:] One more fucking love song, I'll be sick. [Clean:] One more stupid love song, I'll be sick
Now I'm at a payphone
[Clean radio version verse:]
Yeah, yeah, now baby don't hang up,
So I can tell you what you need to know,
Baby I'm begging you just please don't go,
So I can tell you what you need to know
[Explicit version verse (Wiz Khalifa):]
Man, fuck that shit
I'll be out spending all this money
While you're sitting round wondering
Why it wasn't you who came up from nothing,
Made it from the bottom
Now when you see me I'm stunning,
And all of my cars start with a push of a button
Telling me the chances I blew up
Or whatever you call it,
Switch the number to my phone
So you never could call it,
Don't need my name on my shirt,
You can tell it I'm ballin.
Swish, what a shame could have got picked
Had a really good game but you missed your last shot
So you talk about who you see at the top
Or what you could have saw but sad to say it's over for.
Phantom pulled up valet open doors
Wiz like go away, got what you was looking for
Now it's me who they want, so you can go and take
That little piece of shit with you.
I'm at a payphone trying to call home
All of my change I spent on you
Where have the times gone, baby, it's all wrong
Where are the plans we made for two?
If "Happy Ever After" did exist,
I would still be holding you like this [Explicit:] All those fairy tales are full of shit [Clean:] All those fairy tales are full of it. [Explicit:] One more fucking love song, I'll be sick. [Clean:] One more stupid love song, I'll be sick
Now I'm at a payphone...

sumber: azlyrics.com

LIRIK LAGU MAROON 5 - PAYPHONE Full View Label: music

Once upon a time as a merchant set off for market, he asked each of his three daughters what she would like as a present on his return. The first daughter wanted a brocade dress, the second a pearl necklace, but the third, whose name was Beauty, the youngest, prettiest and sweetest of them all, said to her father:

"All I'd like is a rose you've picked specially for me!"

When the merchant had finished his business, he set off for home. However, a sudden storm blew up, and his horse could hardly make headway in the howling gale. Cold and weary, the merchant had lost all hope of reaching an inn when he suddenly noticed a bright light shining in the middle of a wood. As he drew near, he saw that it was a castle, bathed in light.

"I hope I'll find shelter there for the night," he said to himself.

When he reached the door, he saw it was open, but though he shouted, nobody came to greet him. Plucking up courage, he went inside, still calling out to attract attention. On a table in the main hall, a splendid dinner lay already served. The merchant lingered, still shouting for the owner of the castle. But no one came, and so the starving merchant sat down to a hearty meal. Overcome by curiosity, he ventured upstairs, where the corridor led into magnificent rooms and halls. A fire crackled in the first room and a soft bed looked very inviting. It was now late, and the merchant could not resist. He lay down on the bed and fell fast asleep.

When he woke next morning, an unknown hand had placed a mug of steaming coffee and some fruit by his bedside. The merchant had breakfast and after tidying himself up, went downstairs to thank his generous host. But, as on the evening before, there was nobody in sight. Shaking his head in wonder at the strangeness of it all, he went towards the garden where he had left his horse, tethered to a tree.

Suddenly, a large rose bush caught his eye. Remembering his promise to Beauty, he bent down to pick a rose. Instantly, out of the rose garden, sprang a horrible beast, wearing splendid clothes. Two bloodshot eyes, gleaming angrily, glared at him and a deep, terrifying voice growled:

"Ungrateful man! I gave you shelter, you ate at my table and slept in my own bed, but now all the thanks I get is the theft of my favorite flowers! I shall put you to death for this slight!"

Trembling with fear, the merchant fell on his knees before the Beast. "Forgive me! Forgive me! Don't kill me! I'll do anything you say! The rose wasn't for me, it was for my daughter Beauty. I promised to bring her back a rose from my journey!"

The Beast dropped the paw it had clamped on the unhappy merchant.

"I shall spare your life, but on one condition, that you bring me your daughter!" The terror-stricken merchant, faced with certain death if he did not obey, promised that he would do so. When he reached home in tears, his three daughters ran to greet him. After he had told them of his dreadful adventure, Beauty put his mind at rest immediately.

"Dear father, I'd do anything for you! Don't worry, you'll be able to keep your promise and save your life! Take me to the castle. I'll stay there in your place!" The merchant hugged his daughter.

"I never did doubt your love for me. For the moment I can only thank you for saving my life." So Beauty was led to the castle. The Beast, however, had quite an unexpected greeting for the girl. Instead of menacing doom as it had done with her father, it was surprisingly pleasant.

In the beginning, Beauty was frightened of the Beast, and shuddered at the sight of it. Then she found that, in spite of the monster's awful head, her horror of it was gradually fading as time went by.

She had one of the finest rooms in the Castle, and sat for hours, embroidering in front of the fire. And the Beast would sit, for hours on end, only a short distance away, silently gazing at her. Then it started to say a few kind words, till in the end, Beauty was amazed to discover that she was actually enjoying its conversation. The days passed, and Beauty and the Beast became good friends.

Then one day, the Beast asked the girl to be his wife. Taken by surprise, Beauty did not know what to say. Marry such an ugly monster? She would rather die! But she did not want to hurt the feelings of one who, after all, had been kind to her. And she remembered too that she owed it her own life as well as her father's.

"I really can't say yes," she began shakily. "I'd so much like to..." The Beast interrupted her with an abrupt gesture.

"I quite understand! And I'm not offended by your refusal!" Life went on as usual, and nothing further was said.

One day, the Beast presented Beauty with a magnificent magic mirror. When Beauty peeped into it, she could see her family, far away.

"You won't feel so lonely now," were the words that accompanied the gift. Beauty stared for hours at her distant family. Then she began to feel worried. One day, the Beast found her weeping beside the magic mirror.

"What's wrong?" he asked, kindly as always.

"My father is gravely ill and close to dying! Oh, how I wish I could see him again, before it's too late!" But the Beast only shook its head. "No! You will never leave this castle!" And off it stalked in a rage.

However, a little later, it returned and spoke solemnly to the girl.

"If you swear that you will return here in seven days time, I'll let you go and visit your father!" Beauty threw herself at the Beast's feet in delight. "I swear! I swear I will! How kind you are! You've made a loving daughter so happy!" In reality, the merchant had fallen ill from a broken heart at knowing his daughter was being kept prisoner. When he embraced her again, he was soon on the road to recovery.

Beauty stayed beside him for hours on end, describing her life at the Castle, and explaining that the Beast was really good and kind. The days flashed past, and at last the merchant was able to leave his bed. He was completely well again. Beauty was happy at last. However, she had failed to notice that seven days had gone by. Then one night she woke from a terrible nightmare. She had dreamt that the Beast was dying and calling for her, twisting in agony.

"Come back! Come back to me!" it was pleading. The solemn promise she had made drove her to leave home immediately. "Hurry! Hurry, good horse!" she said, whipping her steed onwards towards the castle, afraid that she might arrive too late. She rushed up the stairs, calling, but there was no reply. Her heart in her mouth, Beauty ran into the garden and there crouched the Beast, its eyes shut, as though dead. Beauty threw herself at it and hugged it tightly.

"Don't die! Don't die! I'll marry you . . ." At these words, a miracle took place. The Beast's ugly snout turned magically into the face of a handsome young man. "How I've been longing for this moment!" he said. "I was suffering in silence, and couldn't tell my frightful secret. An evil witch turned me into a monster and only the love of a maiden willing to accept me as I was, could transform me back into my real self. My dearest! I'll be so happy if you'll marry me." The wedding took place shortly after and, from that day on, the young Prince would have nothing but roses in his gardens. And that's why, to this day, the castle is known as the Castle of the Rose.

sumber : englishindo.com

Story telling- Beauty and The Beast Full View Label: story

"Don't You Remember"
When will I see you again?
You left with no goodbye,
Not a single word was said,
No final kiss to seal any sins,
I had no idea of the state we were in,
I know I have a fickle heart and a bitterness,
And a wandering eye, and heaviness in my head,
But don't you remember?
Don't you remember?
The reason you loved me before,
Baby, please remember me once more,
When was the last time you thought of me?
Or have you completely erased me from your memory?
I often think about where I went wrong,
The more I do, the less I know,
But I know I have a fickle heart and a bitterness,
And a wandering eye, and a heaviness in my head,
But don't you remember?
Don't you remember?
The reason you loved me before,
Baby, please remember me once more,
Gave you the space so you could breathe,
I kept my distance so you would be free,
And hoped that you'd find the missing piece,
To bring you back to me,
Why don't you remember?
Don't you remember?
The reason you loved me before,
Baby, please remember me once more, [Another version says: "Baby, please remember you used to love me"]
When will I see you again?

sumber : azlyrics.com

LIRIK LAGU ADELE-DON'T YOU REMEMBER Full View Label: music

Ekskresi

Ginjal

(Selengkapnya baca artikel tentang Detail Ginjal dan Bagian-Bagian Ginjal)